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1 National Physical Laboratory
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2 National Physical Laboratory
Национальная физическая лаборатория (США)
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > National Physical Laboratory
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3 National Physical Laboratory
Общая лексика: Национальная физическая лаборатория (Великобритания)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > National Physical Laboratory
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4 National Physical Laboratory
[,næʃənl'fɪzɪkəllə,bɔrətərɪ]Национа́льная физи́ческая лаборато́рия (ведущий научно-исследовательский центр в г. Теддингтоне близ Лондона. Основан в 1900)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > National Physical Laboratory
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5 national physical laboratory
தேசீயபௌதிகவாய்சாலை -
6 national physical laboratory
n національна фізична лабораторіяEnglish-Ukrainian military dictionary > national physical laboratory
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7 N. P. L.
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8 NPL
1) Компьютерная техника: Nonlinear Programming Language2) Американизм: National Priority List3) Техника: narrow pulse laser, nonpolynomial Lagrangian4) Шутливое выражение: National Phone Losers5) Метеорология: NOAAPORT Liaison6) Бухгалтерия: Non- Performing Loan7) Фармакология: Neutral Protamine Lispro (Нейтральный Протамин Лизпро)8) Страхование: Non personal liability9) Сокращение: National Physical Laboratory (UK), Non-Procedural Language, nameplate, National Physics Laboratory10) Физиология: No Perceived Light12) Вычислительная техника: Netscape Public License (Netscape), National Physical Laboratory (UK)13) Банковское дело: просроченная задолженность (по кредитам), просроченные ссуды/кредиты, non-performing loans ("ссуды" в узусе ЦБ РФ, не в строгом смысле)14) Воздухоплавание: Noise Pollution Level15) Метрология: National Physical Laboratory16) Экология: National Priorities List17) Химическое оружие: National Priority (Priorities) List18) Расширение файла: New Programming Language, Nonprocedural Language19) Аэропорты: New Plymouth, New Zealand20) Программное обеспечение: Netscape Public License21) Библиотечное дело: Newark Public Library, Norfolk Public Library -
9 Npl
1) Компьютерная техника: Nonlinear Programming Language2) Американизм: National Priority List3) Техника: narrow pulse laser, nonpolynomial Lagrangian4) Шутливое выражение: National Phone Losers5) Метеорология: NOAAPORT Liaison6) Бухгалтерия: Non- Performing Loan7) Фармакология: Neutral Protamine Lispro (Нейтральный Протамин Лизпро)8) Страхование: Non personal liability9) Сокращение: National Physical Laboratory (UK), Non-Procedural Language, nameplate, National Physics Laboratory10) Физиология: No Perceived Light12) Вычислительная техника: Netscape Public License (Netscape), National Physical Laboratory (UK)13) Банковское дело: просроченная задолженность (по кредитам), просроченные ссуды/кредиты, non-performing loans ("ссуды" в узусе ЦБ РФ, не в строгом смысле)14) Воздухоплавание: Noise Pollution Level15) Метрология: National Physical Laboratory16) Экология: National Priorities List17) Химическое оружие: National Priority (Priorities) List18) Расширение файла: New Programming Language, Nonprocedural Language19) Аэропорты: New Plymouth, New Zealand20) Программное обеспечение: Netscape Public License21) Библиотечное дело: Newark Public Library, Norfolk Public Library -
10 npl
1) Компьютерная техника: Nonlinear Programming Language2) Американизм: National Priority List3) Техника: narrow pulse laser, nonpolynomial Lagrangian4) Шутливое выражение: National Phone Losers5) Метеорология: NOAAPORT Liaison6) Бухгалтерия: Non- Performing Loan7) Фармакология: Neutral Protamine Lispro (Нейтральный Протамин Лизпро)8) Страхование: Non personal liability9) Сокращение: National Physical Laboratory (UK), Non-Procedural Language, nameplate, National Physics Laboratory10) Физиология: No Perceived Light12) Вычислительная техника: Netscape Public License (Netscape), National Physical Laboratory (UK)13) Банковское дело: просроченная задолженность (по кредитам), просроченные ссуды/кредиты, non-performing loans ("ссуды" в узусе ЦБ РФ, не в строгом смысле)14) Воздухоплавание: Noise Pollution Level15) Метрология: National Physical Laboratory16) Экология: National Priorities List17) Химическое оружие: National Priority (Priorities) List18) Расширение файла: New Programming Language, Nonprocedural Language19) Аэропорты: New Plymouth, New Zealand20) Программное обеспечение: Netscape Public License21) Библиотечное дело: Newark Public Library, Norfolk Public Library -
11 Rosenhain, Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 24 August 1875 Berlin, Germanyd. 17 March 1934 Kingston Hill, Surrey, England[br]German metallurgist, first Superintendent of the Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex.[br]His family emigrated to Australia when he was 5 years old. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and attended Queen's College, University of Melbourne, graduating in physics and engineering in 1897. As an 1851 Exhibitioner he then spent three years at St John's College, Cambridge, under Sir Alfred Ewing, where he studied the microstructure of deformed metal crystals and abandoned his original intention of becoming a civil engineer. Rosenhain was the first to observe the slip-bands in metal crystals, and in the Bakerian Lecture delivered jointly by Ewing and Rosenhain to the Royal Society in 1899 it was shown that metals deformed plastically by a mechanism involving shear slip along individual crystal planes. From this conception modern ideas on the plasticity and recrystallization of metals rapidly developed. On leaving Cambridge, Rosenhain joined the Birmingham firm of Chance Brothers, where he worked for six years on optical glass and lighthouse-lens systems. A book, Glass Manufacture, written in 1908, derives from this period, during which he continued his metallurgical researches in the evenings in his home laboratory and published several papers on his work.In 1906 Rosenhain was appointed Head of the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), and in 1908 he became the first Superintendent of the new Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Chemistry. Many of the techniques he introduced at Teddington were described in his Introduction to Physical Metallurgy, published in 1914. At the outbreak of the First World War, Rosenhain was asked to undertake work in his department on the manufacture of optical glass. This soon made it possible to manufacture optical glass of high quality on an industrial scale in Britain. Much valuable work on refractory materials stemmed from this venture. Rosenhain's early years at the NPL were, however, inseparably linked with his work on light alloys, which between 1912 and the end of the war involved virtually all of the metallurgical staff of the laboratory. The most important end product was the well-known "Y" Alloy (4% copper, 2% nickel and 1.5% magnesium) extensively used for the pistons and cylinder heads of aircraft engines. It was the prototype of the RR series of alloys jointly developed by Rolls Royce and High Duty Alloys. An improved zinc-based die-casting alloy devised by Rosenhain was also used during the war on a large scale for the production of shell fuses.After the First World War, much attention was devoted to beryllium, which because of its strength, lightness, and stiffness would, it was hoped, become the airframe material of the future. It remained, however, too brittle for practical use. Other investigations dealt with impurities in copper, gases in aluminium alloys, dental alloys, and the constitution of alloys. During this period, Rosenhain's laboratory became internationally known as a centre of excellence for the determination of accurate equilibrium diagrams.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1913. President, Institute of Metals 1828–30. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal, Carnegie Medal.Bibliography1908, Glass Manufacture.1914, An Introduction to the Study of Physical Metallurgy, London: Constable. Rosenhain published over 100 research papers.Further ReadingJ.L.Haughton, 1934, "The work of Walter Rosenhain", Journal of the Institute of Metals 55(2):17–32.ASD -
12 Essen, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 6 September 1908 Nottingham, England[br]English physicist who produced the first practical caesium atomic clock, which was later used to define the second.[br]Louis Essen joined the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) at Teddington in 1927 after graduating from London University. He spent his whole working life at the NPL and retired in 1972; his research there was recognized by the award of a DSc in 1948. At NPL he joined a team working on the development of frequency standards using quartz crystals and he designed a very successful quartz oscillator, which became known as the "Essen ring". He was also involved with radio frequency oscillators. His expertise in these fields was to play a crucial role in the development of the caesium clock. The idea of an atomic clock had been proposed by I.I.Rabbi in 1945, and an instrument was constructed shortly afterwards at the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. However, this device never realized the full potential of the concept, and after seeing it on a visit to the USA Essen was convinced that a more successful instrument could be built at Teddington. Assisted by J.V.L.Parry, he commenced work in the spring of 1953 and by June 1955 the clock was working reliably, with an accuracy that was equivalent to one second in three hundred years. This was significantly more accurate than the astronomical observations that were used at that time to determine the second: in 1967 the second was redefined in terms of the value for the frequency of vibration of caesium atoms that had been obtained with this clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1960. Clockmakers' Company Tompion Gold Medal 1957. Physical Society C.V.Boys Prize 1957. USSR Academy of Science Popov Gold Medal 1959.Bibliography1957, with J.V.L.Parry, "The caesium resonator as a standard of frequency and time", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series A) 25:45–69 (the first comprehensive description of the caesium clock).Further ReadingP.Forman, 1985, "Atomichron: the atomic clock from concept to commercial product", Proceedings of the IEEE 75:1,181–204 (an authoritative critical review of the development of the atomic clock).N.Cessons (ed.), 1992, The Making of the Modern World, London: Science Museum, pp.190–1 (contains a short account).See also: Marrison, Warren AlvinDV -
13 NPL
- уровень шумового загрязнения
- Перечень национальных приоритетов (США)
- Национальная физическая лаборатория (США)
Национальная физическая лаборатория (США)
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Перечень национальных приоритетов (США)
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
уровень шумового загрязнения
(напр. окружающей среды ТЭС, АЭС)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > NPL
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14 NPL
1. narrow pulse laser - короткоимпульсный лазер;2. National Physical Laboratory - Национальная физическая лаборатория;3. noise pollution level - уровень шумов;4. nonpolynomial Lagrangian - неполиномиальный лагранжиан;5. nuclear pumped laser - лазер с ядерной накачкой -
15 NPL
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16 NPL
сокр. от National Physical LaboratoryEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > NPL
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17 Teddington
['tedɪŋtən]разг.Те́ддингтон (то же, что National Physical Laboratory)по названию города, где находится лабораторияEnglish-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Teddington
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18 Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander
[br]b. 13 April 1892 Brechin, Angus, Scotlandd. 6 December 1973 Inverness, Scotland[br]Scottish engineer and scientific adviser known for his work on radar.[br]Following education at Brechin High School, Watson-Watt entered University College, Dundee (then a part of the University of St Andrews), obtaining a BSc in engineering in 1912. From 1912 until 1921 he was Assistant to the Professor of Natural Philosophy at St Andrews, but during the First World War he also held various posts in the Meteorological Office. During. this time, in 1916 he proposed the use of cathode ray oscillographs for radio-direction-finding displays. He joined the newly formed Radio Research Station at Slough when it was opened in 1924, and 3 years later, when it amalgamated with the Radio Section of the National Physical Laboratory, he became Superintendent at Slough. At this time he proposed the name "ionosphere" for the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere. With E.V. Appleton and J.F.Herd he developed the "squegger" hard-valve transformer-coupled timebase and with the latter devised a direction-finding radio-goniometer.In 1933 he was asked to investigate possible aircraft counter-measures. He soon showed that it was impossible to make the wished-for radio "death-ray", but had the idea of using the detection of reflected radio-waves as a means of monitoring the approach of enemy aircraft. With six assistants he developed this idea and constructed an experimental system of radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) in which arrays of aerials were used to detect the reflected signals and deduce the bearing and height. To realize a practical system, in September 1936 he was appointed Director of the Bawdsey Research Station near Felixstowe and carried out operational studies of radar. The result was that within two years the East Coast of the British Isles was equipped with a network of radar transmitters and receivers working in the 7–14 metre band—the so-called "chain-home" system—which did so much to assist the efficient deployment of RAF Fighter Command against German bombing raids on Britain in the early years of the Second World War.In 1938 he moved to the Air Ministry as Director of Communications Development, becoming Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry and Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1940, then Deputy Chairman of the War Cabinet Radio Board in 1943. After the war he set up Sir Robert Watson-Watt \& Partners, an industrial consultant firm. He then spent some years in relative retirement in Canada, but returned to Scotland before his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1942. CBE 1941. FRS 1941. US Medal of Merit 1946. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1948. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1957. LLD St Andrews 1943. At various times: President, Royal Meteorological Society, Institute of Navigation and Institute of Professional Civil Servants; Vice-President, American Institute of Radio Engineers.Bibliography1923, with E.V.Appleton \& J.F.Herd, British patent no. 235,254 (for the "squegger"). 1926, with J.F.Herd, "An instantaneous direction reading radio goniometer", Journal ofthe Institution of Electrical Engineers 64:611.1933, The Cathode Ray Oscillograph in Radio Research.1935, Through the Weather Hours (autobiography).1936, "Polarisation errors in direction finders", Wireless Engineer 13:3. 1958, Three Steps to Victory.1959, The Pulse of Radar.1961, Man's Means to his End.Further ReadingS.S.Swords, 1986, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus.KFBiographical history of technology > Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander
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19 Noyce, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 12 December 1927 Burlington, Iowa, USA[br]American engineer responsible for the development of integrated circuits and the microprocessor chip.[br]Noyce was the son of a Congregational minister whose family, after a number of moves, finally settled in Grinnell, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Des Moines, Iowa. Encouraged to follow his interest in science, in his teens he worked as a baby-sitter and mower of lawns to earn money for his hobby. One of his clients was Professor of Physics at Grinnell College, where Noyce enrolled to study mathematics and physics and eventually gained a top-grade BA. It was while there that he learned of the invention of the transistor by the team at Bell Laboratories, which included John Bardeen, a former fellow student of his professor. After taking a PhD in physical electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953, he joined the Philco Corporation in Philadelphia to work on the development of transistors. Then in January 1956 he accepted an invitation from William Shockley, another of the Bell transistor team, to join the newly formed Shockley Transistor Company, the first electronic firm to set up shop in Palo Alto, California, in what later became known as "Silicon Valley".From the start things at the company did not go well and eventually Noyce and Gordon Moore and six colleagues decided to offer themselves as a complete development team; with the aid of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company, the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation was born. It was there that in 1958, contemporaneously with Jack K. Wilby at Texas Instruments, Noyce had the idea for monolithic integration of transistor circuits. Eventually, after extended patent litigation involving study of laboratory notebooks and careful examination of the original claims, priority was assigned to Noyce. The invention was most timely. The Apollo Moon-landing programme announced by President Kennedy in May 1961 called for lightweight sophisticated navigation and control computer systems, which could only be met by the rapid development of the new technology, and Fairchild was well placed to deliver the micrologic chips required by NASA.In 1968 the founders sold Fairchild Semicon-ductors to the parent company. Noyce and Moore promptly found new backers and set up the Intel Corporation, primarily to make high-density memory chips. The first product was a 1,024-bit random access memory (1 K RAM) and by 1973 sales had reached $60 million. However, Noyce and Moore had already realized that it was possible to make a complete microcomputer by putting all the logic needed to go with the memory chip(s) on a single integrated circuit (1C) chip in the form of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU). By 1971 they had produced the Intel 4004 microprocessor, which sold for US$200, and within a year the 8008 followed. The personal computer (PC) revolution had begun! Noyce eventually left Intel, but he remained active in microchip technology and subsequently founded Sematech Inc.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. National Academy of Engineering 1969. National Academy of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1978; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Kilby) 1978. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1979. National Medal of Science 1979. National Medal of Engineering 1987.Bibliography1955, "Base-widening punch-through", Proceedings of the American Physical Society.30 July 1959, US patent no. 2,981,877.Further ReadingT.R.Reid, 1985, Microchip: The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books.KF -
20 Kompfner, Rudolph
[br]b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austriad. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA[br]Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.[br]Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPhysical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.Bibliography1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.Further ReadingJ.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.KF
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